T1005 Data from Local System Mappings

BitLocker uses TPM (Intel PTT) to bind the volume encryption keys for full disk encryption (FDE), Intel AES-NI to accelerate the encryption/decryption process, and Intel BootGuard to ensure operating system components are not compromised during boot. BitLocker also can add pre-boot authentication (like PIN) to access the decryption keys used for FDE. BitLocker relies on Intel BootGuard and the TPM (Intel PTT) to ensure none of the boot components or the OS components are tampered with before releasing the BitLocker key. BitLocker is a Windows security feature that provides encryption for entire volumes, addressing the threats of data theft or exposure from lost, stolen, or inappropriately decommissioned devices. BitLocker also uses Intel PTT to check integrity of early boot components, configuration data as well as OS components preventing attacks that perform modifications of those components.

Windows 11 Personal Data Encryption (PDE) uses Intel PTT (TPM), Intel AES-NI, Intel BootGuard to ensure operating system components are not compromised until the Windows Sign-in screen at which point Windows Hello for Business is used in conjunction with Microsoft Entra to authenticate the user and open the container with the encryption keys used to secure the user's personal data. PDE is meant to work alongside BitLocker. PDE isn't a replacement for BitLocker, nor is BitLocker a replacement for PDE. Using both features together provides better security than using either BitLocker or PDE alone. PDE differs from BitLocker in that it encrypts files instead of whole volumes and disks. PDE occurs in addition to other encryption methods such as BitLocker. Unlike BitLocker that releases data encryption keys at boot, PDE doesn't release data encryption keys until a user signs in using Windows Hello for Business. PDE refers to a new user authenticated encryption mechanism used to protect user content. Windows Hello for Business is the modern user authentication mechanism which is used with PDE. Windows Hello for Business, either with PIN or biometrics (face or fingerprint), is used to protect the container which houses the encryption keys used by PDE. When the user logs in (either after bootup or unlocking after a lock screen), the container gets authenticated to release the keys in the container to decrypt user content. PDE provides real-time protection against adversaries exfiltrating data at rest in removable media. In some cases, data is protected at rest until the user logs in, and is marked partial for such cases.

Intel Threat Detection Technology (TDT), combined with CrowdStrike Falcon Accelerated Memory Scanning (CAMS), strengthens cybersecurity defenses by enabling faster, real-time detection of Data from Local System Exfiltration attacks. This integrated solution enhances CrowdStrike Falcon, improving its ability to detect and mitigate cyber threats earlier in the kill chain, all while minimizing system performance impact. Data from Local System Exfiltration attacks involve adversaries attempting to steal sensitive data from local systems, often bypassing traditional security mechanisms to move files or information outside of the organization’s network. These attacks typically target stored data on endpoint devices, including user files, credentials, or other critical assets, and move it to unauthorized locations, such as external servers or cloud storage. Intel TDT plays a crucial role in identifying these threats by providing real-time telemetry on program execution, memory access, and control flow, enabling rapid detection of abnormal behaviors indicative of data being transferred or copied from local systems. Additionally, CAMS offloads the performance-intensive task of memory scanning from the CPU to the Intel Integrated GPU, ensuring faster and more efficient detection of malicious activity without impacting system performance. CAMS helps identify suspicious behaviors, such as unauthorized file transfers, abnormal data movement, or processes involved in data exfiltration, providing proactive defense against these evasive techniques and ensuring the protection of critical data from theft or leakage.

This vulnerability allows viewing of restricted resources via a pre-authorization arbitrary file read vulnerability.

This is an exploitation of a public-facing server due to password misconfiguration. Exploitation allows attackers to access restricted directories

This vulnerability is exploited by an unprivileged attacker by conducting malicious activity in GPU memory, gaining access to already freed memory. If successful, the threat actor could escalate their privileges to root as well as gain access to sensitive information. Detailed information about how adversaries exploit the GPU are not publicly available.

CVE-2021-26855, also known as ProxyLogon, allows an unauthenticated attacker to send arbitrary HTTP requests and authenticate as the Exchange Server. The vulnerability exploits the Exchange Control Panel (ECP) via a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF). This would also allow the attacker to gain access to mailboxes and read sensitive information.

CVE-2019-1653 is a critical information disclosure vulnerability affecting Cisco Small Business RV320 and RV325 Dual Gigabit WAN VPN Routers. This vulnerability allows unauthenticated, remote attackers to access sensitive information from affected devices.

CVE-2017-5638 is a remote code execution vulnerability in Apache Struts Jakarta Multipart versions that allows for malicious file upload using Content-Type, Content-Disposition, or Content-Length HTTP headers during file-upload attempts leading to an attacker to execute arbitrary commands. This CVE was known to be exploited during the Equifax breach.

CVE-2021-27104 is an operating system command injection vulnerability in Accellion File Transfer Appliance in that allows an adversary to execute commands by sending a specially crafted POST request to the product's administrative endpoint.

CVE-2021-27101 is a SQL injection vulnerability in Accellion File Transfer Appliance that allows an adversary to execute SQL commands.

CVE-2021-27103 is a server-side request forgery vulnerability in Accellion File Transfer Appliance in Accellion that allows an adversary to manipulate server requests via a crafted POST request.

CVE-2021-27102 is an operating system command execution vulnerability in Accellion File Transfer Appliance that allows an adversary to execute arbitrary commands via a local web service call.

CVE-2019-11634 is a remote code execution vulnerability for Citrix Workspace Application and Receiver for Windows

CVE-2019-13608 is a an XML External Entity (XXE) processing vulnerability that may allow an unauthenticated attacker to retrieve potentially sensitive information.

CVE-2018-0296 is a critical vulnerability in the web interface of Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) and Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software. This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated, remote attacker to perform directory traversal attacks and access sensitive system information.

This vulnerability is exploited by sending a crafted XML document that references external entities with the likely goal of accessing local data.

CVE-2020-3452 is a vulnerability in the web services interface of Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Firepower Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an unauthenticated remote attacker to conduct directory traversal attacks and read sensitive files on a targeted system.

This vulnerability is exploited using a malicious-crafted word document attached to spearphishing emails. Adversaries have been seen to leverage this to install exploit code from their command & control server. This malware then performs data collection on the target systems.

CVE-2019-5591 is a default configuration vulnerability in Fortinet's FortiOS, specifically affecting the FortiGate SSL VPN. This vulnerability allows an unauthenticated attacker on the same subnet to intercept sensitive information by impersonating a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server.

CVE-2020-5902—an RCE vulnerability in the BIG-IP Traffic Management User Interface (TMUI)—to take control of victim systems. On June 30, F5 disclosed CVE-2020-5902, stating that it allows attackers to, “execute arbitrary system commands, create or delete files, disable services, and/or execute arbitrary Java code.” - CISA Advisory

CVE-2020-8193 is an Authorization Bypass vulnerability in Citrix ADC, Gateway, and SD-WAN WANOP Appliance in various versions allows attacker to bypass authentication mechanisms via crafted requests.

CVE-2020-8195 is an information disclosure in Citrix ADC, Gateway, and SD-WAN WANOP Appliance which allows attacker to access sensitive information via crafted requests.

CVE-2020-8196 is an information disclosure in Citrix ADC, Gateway, and SD-WAN WANOP Appliance which allows attacker to access sensitive information via crafted requests.

CVE-2023-34362 is a SQL injection vulnerability in a public-facing application. Adversaries have been observed to exploit this vulnerability to install malicious software on a target system, enabling them to discover system settings and information, enumerate the underlying SQL database, retrieve files, create administrator accounts, and delete accounts.

This is a buffer overflow vulnerability that results in unauthorized disclosure of memory, including session tokens.

This vulnerability is exploited through an unauthenticated information disclosure flaw in the Graph API extension of ownCloud. Attackers first used this vulnerability to gain initial access by targeting the /apps/graphapi/vendor/microsoft/microsoft-graph/tests/GetPhpInfo.php endpoint, which allowed them to leak sensitive information via the PHP function phpinfo. By modifying the requested URI to bypass Apache web server rewrite rules, attackers could access environment variables containing secrets, such as usernames, passwords, and license keys.

CVE-2024-4978 is a vulnerability where compromised software is signed and hosted on the legitimate software distribution website. Adversaries have been observed to use this backdoored software to install additional tools on target machines. The adversary-installed software establishing persistent communications with a command-and-control (C2) server using Windows sockets and WinHTTP requests. Once successfully connected, it transmits data about the compromised host, including hostname, operating system details, processor architecture, program working directory and the user name to the C2.

CVE-2023-38831 is a vulnerability within the crafred archive process of WinRAR that occurs when a user attempts to open a seemingly legitimate document within a compromised archive, the vulnerability allows the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the system via a specially prepared archive. There have been public reports on the FROZENLAKE spear-phishing campaign, FROZENBARENTS, and ISLANDDREAMS leveraging this vulnerability.

CVE-2024-23692 is a OS command injection vulnerability within the HTTP File Server (HFS) process for Rejetto. It has been reported to be exploited by threat actors to deploy cryptomining malware, install backdoors, Remote Access Trojans (RATs), and other malware like “GoThief” to exfiltrate sensitive data.

CVE-2024-24919 is an information disclosure/arbitrary file read vulnerability within Check Point's Quantum Security Gateway products. It's been reported that attacker are leveraging this vulnerability to retrieve, all files on the local file system, read sensitive data and extract credentials for all local accounts, including Active Directory, SSH keys, and certificates.

This remote code execution vulnerability in Microsoft Office has been exploited by adversarial groups to distribute ransomware. Attackers use specially crafted Microsoft Office documents to bypass security features, enabling remote code execution without user prompts. These documents are typically delivered through phishing techniques, enticing victims to open them. Once opened, the ransomware encrypts files and demands a ransom for decryption, while also removing system backups and leaving a ransom note threatening data loss if recovery is attempted without the provided decryptor key. The ransomware further erases system logs and may publish stolen data on leak websites, leading to unauthorized access to sensitive information and potential installation of backdoors for further exploitation. Microsoft addressed this vulnerability in their security updates by introducing measures to make file paths unpredictable, thereby mitigating the exploit chain. Despite these updates, additional vulnerabilities in Microsoft Office and Windows were identified. Security solutions offer protection against these exploits, and findings are shared with cybersecurity alliances to enhance collective defense efforts. This vulnerability has been exploited by the Russian group Storm-0978, also known as RomCom, who craft specially designed Microsoft Office documents related to the Ukrainian World Congress. These documents bypass Microsoft's Mark-of-the-Web (MotW) security feature, enabling remote code execution without security prompts. The adversary used phishing techniques to deliver these documents, enticing victims to open them. Once opened, the ransomware, known as Underground, executes, encrypting files and demanding a ransom for decryption. The ransomware further removes shadow copies, terminates MS SQL Server services, and leaves a ransom note threatening data loss if recovery is attempted without their decryptor key. It also erases Windows Event logs and publishes stolen victim data on a data leak website, causing unauthorized access to sensitive information and potential installation of backdoors for further exploitation.